Staying sane in psychiatric residency during COVID times

This article gives a junior psychiatry resident's personal story of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: what led to it, what helped her get through it and the continual process of working to avoid burnout in the future. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of BJPsych International is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Social Interpretation Inflexibility and Functioning: Associations with Symptoms and Stress

Introduction: Interpretation inflexibility has been implicated in a range of mental health problems, including depression, social anxiety, and paranoia. Inflexible interpretation of social situations may be particularly important as it can set the stage for problems in social functioning, a symptom cutting across all three groups of disorders. Methods: This study aimed to examine the interrelations among interpretation inflexibility, social functioning impairment, and affective and psychotic symptoms. The study also explored the potential moderating effects of COVID-related preoccupation, as an example of a major stressor, on these relationships. Results: Based on a sample recruited from the general population (N = 247), interpretation inflexibility was found to be associated with social functioning impairment, with affective symptoms and paranoia as statistical mediators of the association. These relationships were magnified by ambient stress during the COVID-19 pandemic-a moderated mediation that was found only in relation to affective symptoms but not paranoia. A parallel network analysis further confirmed the moderating effects of COVID-related preoccupation on the relation between interpretation inflexibility and depression. Limitations: Measuring ambient stress with a self-report question on COVID-related preoccupation may not be representative of the amount of distress an individual experienced during the pandemic. Also, our mediation models were performed on cross-sectional data, thus not necessarily implying a feed-forward causal mediational relationship. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of examining social functioning as a crucial outcome, as well as the differential role of stress in modulating social interpretation flexibility with respect to affective vs. psychotic symptoms.

COVID-19, Financial Anxiety and the Psychological Well-being of Hotel Workers

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has inflicted unprecedented damage on the hospitality and tourism industry. However, the mental health fallout of COVID-19 on hotel employees is yet to receive empirical attention. This study, therefore, examines the consequences of COVID-19 on the psychological well-being and financial anxiety of hotel employees. An online survey distributed via a social networking site generated 173 responses, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and PLS-SEM. The results of the study indicated that COVID-19 risk perception intensified financial anxiety among hotel employees while reducing their social functioning capability. Financial anxiety elicits psychological distress among hotel workers while weakening their social functioning. The relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and psychological distress was mediated by financial anxiety. Implications for hotel practitioners and policymakers are discussed. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Leader–member exchange, work–family enrichment and their effects on mental health: the moderating role of remote e-work

Purpose>This paper aims to examine the effect of leader–member exchange (LMX) and work–family enrichment (WFE) on anxiety and depression, social functioning and loss of confidence as three dimensions of mental health. Furthermore, the paper aims to investigate telework and information and communication technology-based mobile work (TICTM) as a moderator of the effects of LMX and WFE on mental health.Design/methodology/approach>Data were collected from 214 Bangladeshi employees in the public and private sectors via an online survey. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multi-group analysis were performed to gauge the abovementioned linkages.Findings>The findings reveal that LMX fosters employees' social functioning while it mitigates their losing confidence. The findings further indicate that WFE enhances social functioning while alleviating anxiety and depression. However, TICTM did not act as a moderator of the effects of LMX and WFE on three dimensions of mental health.Originality/value>Despite a plethora of empirical studies on LMX and WFE, no empirical studies have examined the effect on employee mental health as well as TICTM as a moderator in these linkages in the extant service literature so far. This paper set out to fill in these voids.

The “elderly” during the covid-19 crisis: a convenient scapegoat or a revelation of social dysfunction?

With the arrival of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, the French society has been deeply shaken in its overall functioning. The proliferation of patients and the increased demand for care, particularly in hospitals and intensive care units, have particularly disrupted the health and social functioning of French society. In this particular context of crisis, the latter played the role of “social analyzer” in the sense given to it by sociologists, that is to say, it shed new light on the social practices instituted normally. We have chosen for this article to examine the way in which a particular category of people “the elderly” had been treated on three registers which appeared to us to be emblematic of the social treatment of these “elderly people” during the covid-19 crisis. First there was the reactivation of what some have called “the struggle of ages” or even the war of generations. Then, this crisis has particularly highlighted the situation of elderly people residing in nursing homes: their increased mortality, their problematic confinement and their priority vaccination. Finally, this crisis raised the question of the relevance of setting up specific confinement according to age. Our conclusion is that crises are conducive to simplistic explanations and the search for scapegoats, but that they are also a formidable indicator of social dysfunctions that predate the crisis. In this sense, the crisis has brought to light an obvious fact in French society of the primacy of “life course inequalities” as a major vector of social exclusion. © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS Avec l'arrivée de la pandémie de coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), la société française a été profondément ébranlée dans son fonctionnement global. La multiplication des malades et l'augmentation de la demandes de soins notamment hospitaliers et en services de réanimation ont particulièrement perturbé le fonctionnement sanitaire et social de la société française. Dans ce contexte particulier de crise, cette dernière a joué le rôle d’ « analyseur social » au sens que lui donnent les sociologues, c'est-à-dire qu'elle a été porteuse d'un éclairage nouveau sur les pratiques sociales instituées en temps normal. Nous avons choisi pour cet article d'examiner la façon dont avait été traitée une catégorie particulière de personnes « les personnes âgées » et ce sur trois registres qui nous sont apparus emblématiques du traitement social de ces « personnes âgées » pendant la crise covid-19. D'abord il y a eu la réactivation de ce que d'aucuns ont appelé « la lutte des âges » ou encore la guerre des générations. Ensuite cette crise a particulièrement mis en lumière la situation des personnes âgées résidant en EHPAD : leur mortalité accrue, leur confinement problématique et leur vaccination prioritaire. Enfin cette crise a posé la question de la pertinence d'une mise en place d'un confinement spécifique en fonction de l’âge. Notre conclusion est que les crises sont propices aux explications simplistes et à la recherche de boucs émissaires, mais qu'elles sont aussi un formidable révélateur des dysfonctionnements sociaux antérieurs à la crise. En ce sens la crise a remis en lumière une évidence, dans la société française, la primauté des « inégalités de parcours de vie » comme vecteur majeur de l'exclusion sociale. © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS

Effects of yoga practice on physiological distress, fatigue and QOL in patients affected by breast cancer undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy.

Background and purpose: In this study we want to evaluate the efficacy of yoga practice on dysfunctional stress, inflammation and QOL in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients and methods: Patients with stage 0 to III breast cancer were recruited before starting radiotherapy (XRT) and were randomly assigned to yoga group (YG) two times a week during XRT or control group (CG). Self-report measures of QOL, fatigue and sleep quality, and blood samples were collected at day 1 of treatment, day 15, end of treatment and 1, 3 and 6 months later. Cortisol blood level, IL6, IL10, IL1RA, TNFα and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio were analyzed as measures of dysfunctional stress and inflammation. Results: Patients started XRT and yoga classes in October 2019. Due to COVID-19 pandemic we closed the enrollment in March 2020. We analysed 24 patients, 12 YG and 12 CG. The analysis of blood cortisol levels revealed an interaction (p = 0.04) between yoga practice and time, in particular YG had lower cortisol levels at the end of XRT respect to CG (p-adj = 0.02). The analysis of IL-1RA revealed an interaction effect (p = 0.04) suggesting differences between groups at some time points that post-hoc tests were not able to detect. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of yoga in a cancer population studying inflammation markers, cortisol trend and QOL during and until 6 months after XRT. This study suggests that yoga practice is able to reduce stress and inflammation levels over time. Besides including a larger number of patients to increase the power, future studies should consider other inflammatory or pro inflammatory factors and long-term yoga program to gain more evidence on yoga practice benefits.

Being a teen with OCD: A qualitative examination of social functioning in the context of OCD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been ranked by the World Health Organization as one of the 10 most debilitating conditions when looking at lost income and decreased quality of life. The current study is a qualitative examination of the experiencing of being a teenager with OCD with emphasis on social experiences. Interviews with participants revealed concerns along seven themes: distinguishing the self from OCD, OCD as a threat to survival, fear of negative evaluation, experiencing a constant inner dialogue and self-silencing, spending significant time with OCD, stigma, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on overall wellbeing. These findings have implications for clinical practice including combining Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Exposure Response Prevention as well as encouraging clinicians to view patients within the context of being teenager, not just patients with OCD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Psychosocial Functioning and the Educational Experiences of Students with ASD during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.

Due to their individual developmental and learning needs, adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) benefit from a variety of educational, medical, and therapeutic services. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these services were discontinued or significantly reduced, which may have resulted in increased difficulties in coping with various areas of life. The purpose of this study was to explore how the pandemic affected the psychosocial and educational functioning of students with ASD. A qualitative, problem-focused interview method was used. The obtained material was subjected to interpretive phenomenological analysis. The study involved 10 secondary school students diagnosed with ASD. The assessment of the effects of the pandemic on the functioning of people with ASD is inconclusive. The respondents noted both negative and positive effects of lockdown. On the positive side, they were able to spend time with their family, isolate themselves from difficult social relationships and feel better. Among the negative effects, adolescents point to difficulties in emotional functioning-increased levels of stress and anxiety, as well as increased feelings of loneliness and difficulties with online education. The study showed the varied experiences of young people with autism during the pandemic, highlighting the significant need to support some of them in terms of their emotional, social and educational functioning.

Les « personnes âgées » pendant la crise du Covid-19: un bouc émissaire commode ou un révélateur des dysfonctionnement sociaux?

Résumé Avec l’arrivée de la pandémie Covid-19, la société française a été profondément ébranlée dans son fonctionnement global. La multiplication des malades et l’augmentation de la demandes de soins notamment hospitaliers et en services de réanimation ont particulièrement perturbé le fonctionnement sanitaire et social de la société française. Dans ce contexte particulier de crise, cette dernière a joué le rôle d’ « analyseur social » au sens que lui donnent les sociologues, c’est-à-dire qu’elle a été porteuse d’un éclairage nouveau sur les pratiques sociales instituées en temps normal. Nous avons choisi pour cet article d’examiner la façon dont avait été traitée une catégorie particulière de personnes « les personnes âgées » et ce sur trois registres qui nous sont apparus emblématiques du traitement social de ces « personnes âgées » pendant la crise Covid-19. D’abord il y a eu la réactivation de ce que d’aucuns ont appelé « la lutte des âges » ou encore la guerre des générations. Ensuite cette crise a particulièrement mis en lumière la situation des personnes âgées résidant en EHPAD : leur mortalité accrue, leur confinement problématique et leur vaccination prioritaire. Enfin cette crise a posé la question de la pertinence d’une mise en place d’un confinement spécifique en fonction de l’âge. Notre conclusion est que les crises sont propices aux explications simplistes et à la recherche de boucs émissaires, mais qu’elles sont aussi un formidable révélateur des dysfonctionnements sociaux antérieurs à la crise. En ce sens la crise a remis en lumière une évidence, dans la société française, la primauté des «  inégalités de parcours de vie » comme vecteur majeur de l’exclusion sociale. Summary With the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, French society has been deeply shaken in its overall functioning. The proliferation of patients and the increased demand for care, particularly in hospitals and intensive care units, have particularly disrupted the health and social functioning of French society. In this particular context of crisis, the latter played the role of "social analyzer" in the sense given to it by sociologists, that is to say, it shed new light on the social practices instituted normally. We have chosen for this article to examine the way in which a particular category of people "the elderly" had been treated on three registers which appeared to us to be emblematic of the social treatment of these "elderly people" during the Covid-19 crisis. First there was the reactivation of what some have called “the struggle of ages‿ or even the war of generations. Then, this crisis has particularly highlighted the situation of elderly people residing in nursing homes: their increased mortality, their problematic confinement and their priority vaccination. Finally, this crisis raised the question of the relevance of setting up specific confinement according to age. Our conclusion is that crises are conducive to simplistic explanations and the search for scapegoats, but that they are also a formidable indicator of social dysfunctions that predate the crisis. In this sense, the crisis has brought to light an obvious fact in French society of the primacy of “life course inequalities‿ as a major vector of social exclusion.

COVID-19, Financial Anxiety and the Psychological Well-being of Hotel Workers

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has inflicted unprecedented damage on the hospitality and tourism industry. However, the mental health fallout of COVID-19 on hotel employees is yet to receive empirical attention. This study, therefore, examines the consequences of COVID-19 on the psychological well-being and financial anxiety of hotel employees. An online survey distributed via a social networking site generated 173 responses, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and PLS-SEM. The results of the study indicated that COVID-19 risk perception intensified financial anxiety among hotel employees while reducing their social functioning capability. Financial anxiety elicits psychological distress among hotel workers while weakening their social functioning. The relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and psychological distress was mediated by financial anxiety. Implications for hotel practitioners and policymakers are discussed. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Lessons from the pandemic: why having a good understanding of occupational psychiatry is more important now than ever before.

The COVID-19 pandemic has once again highlighted the need for all psychiatrists to have a good understanding of the bi-directional relationship between mental health and a person's ability to function well at work. Ensuring patients are able to work should be a key treatment outcome for all psychiatrists.

Junior doctors' mental health and coronavirus disease safety concerns.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to assess whether caring for COVID-19 patients impacted junior doctors' COVID-19-related anxieties, general anxiety and depression, and the relative impact of depression, general anxiety and specific COVID-19 anxiety on work and social functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. METHODS: Recruitment occurred between June and August 2020 in New South Wales, Australia. Demographic information, symptoms of depression (PHQ-9), generalised anxiety (GAD-7), and COVID-19-related anxieties around infections, help-seeking behaviours, and work and social functioning (WSAS) were collected. RESULTS: About one third (n=73, 33%) had cared for a patient with overt or covert COVID-19 in the previous month. However, the extent of COVID-19-related anxiety symptoms was largely unrelated to caring for COVID-19 patients. Instead, the presence of other COVID-19 concerns and gender predicted variations in COVID-19 concerns for one's own safety and the safety of loved ones. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 anxiety symptoms were largely unrelated to caring for COVID-19 patients, while COVID-19-related anxiety around the safety of family and friends added to impaired functioning in addition to the established impact of depression and general anxiety. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: Provided the replicability of these findings, this research highlights the importance of addressing pandemic-related anxieties in junior doctor populations.

Early Childhood Teachers of Color in New York City: heightened stress, lower quality of life, declining health, and compromised sleep amidst COVID-19.

Stress and well-being are known to influence the quality of teacher-student interactions, teachers' delivery of emotional and instructional support, and the social competence and executive function skills of young learners-dynamics that impact the education and development of young children. Even prior to COVID-19, 46% of teachers reported notably high levels of daily stress. Given the additional stressors associated with the pandemic, this multi-methods study explores the well-being of Latinx, Black, and multiracial early childhood teachers in New York City, where communities of Color have been particularly hard hit by COVID-19. Via an amalgamation of descriptive and interpretive approaches-a survey, time-use diaries, and qualitative interviews-this study documents early childhood teachers' experiences making sense of and negotiating the impacts of intersecting stressors on their stress, health, quality of life, and sleep amidst COVID-19. Survey findings show reduced well-being across measures among the early childhood teachers in the sample, while qualitative findings illustrate the many layers of challenges that teachers of Color faced during the pandemic. Time-use diaries show extremely high demands and long work hours associated with concerning lack of self-care and attention to mental health. Interviews elucidate how stress is layered across environmental, occupational, and racial factors. This study points to the need to attend to the well-being of Black, Latinx, and multiracial early childhood teachers in urban settings during and after COVID-19 recovery.

General Mental Health State Indicators in Argentinean Women During Quarantine of up to 80-Day Duration for COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: Argentinean quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most long-lasting worldwide. We focused on the first 80-days of this quarantine on Argentinean women. Our aims were to analyze differences in general mental health state (MHS) indicators, by the (1) sites of residence with different prevalence of COVID-19 cases, and (2) quarantine duration; (3) to assess multiple relationships between each general MHS indicator and potentially affecting factors. Methods: We used a cross-sectional design with convenience successive sampling (N = 5,013). The online survey included a socio-demographic questionnaire (elaborated ad hoc) with standardized and validated self-reported questionnaires (General Health Questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) measuring the MHS indicators: self-perceived health, psychological discomfort, social functioning and coping, and psychological distress. Results: Worse self-perceived health and higher psychological discomfort affected significantly more women residing in sites with high prevalence of COVID-19 cases, compared to those residing in sites with intermediate prevalence, but effect sizes were small. Mean scores of all general MHS indicators were significantly worse for longer quarantine sub-periods (up to 53, 68, and 80-day duration) than for shorter sub-periods (up to seven, 13, and 25-day duration). Being a younger age, having mental disorder history, and longer quarantine durations were associated to worsening MHS, while the lack of previous suicide attempt has a protective effect. Discussion: Our findings show that a worse MHS during quarantine may not be attributed to the objective risk of contagion (measured greater or less), and under quarantine, women MHS-as indicated by group central tendency measures-got worse as time went by. This strongly suggests that special attention needs to be paid to younger women and to women with history of mental disorder. Along with physical health, mental health must be a priority for the Government during and after quarantine and the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Mental Health in Girls With and Without Fragile X Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Children and adolescents, who have less developed coping skills, are affected by natural disasters and other traumatic events differently than adults. Emotional and behavioral effects are particularly pronounced during a pandemic-related disaster, when support networks that typically promote healthy coping, such as friends, teachers, and family members, may be less available. Children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome (FXS), who are at increased risk for developing anxiety and depression, may be particularly vulnerable to behavioral or emotional difficulties during a pandemic. This study examined the mental health outcomes of school-aged girls with FXS during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated stay-at-home orders. METHODS: Participants included 47 school-aged girls with FXS and 33 age- and developmentally matched comparison girls. Associations between COVID-19 behavioral and emotional outcomes and prior academic, adaptive, behavioral, and emotional functioning as well as prior maternal mental health and characteristics of the mother-child relationship were examined. Qualitative data from the parental report of emotional and behavioral responses to the pandemic were also obtained. RESULTS: Results indicate that school-aged girls with FXS demonstrate a distinct profile of COVID-19 related associations compared to the comparison group, such that pandemic-related worries and emotional impact of pandemic restrictions were predicted by prior mental health factors for the comparison group but by prior social, behavioral, and relational factors for the FXS group. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide insight into factors that may confer risk or resilience for youth with special needs, suggesting potential therapeutic targets and informing public health initiatives in response to the pandemic.

Assessing Social Functioning During COVID-19 and Beyond: Tools and Considerations for Nursing Home Staff.

Social functioning is defined as how a person operates in their unique social environment (ie, engagement in activities, connectedness with others, and contributions to social roles). Healthy social functioning is important for nursing home residents as they are at increased risk for loneliness and isolation. Social functioning has long been an underacknowledged aspect of nursing home residents' health, but now, with the COVID-19 pandemic, residents' risk for decreased social functioning is increased. Several reliable and well-validated tools are available to supplement routine care planning and delivery and track and improve changes in social functioning over time. The overarching aim of this article is to provide resources and recommendations for interdisciplinary team assessment related to social functioning for nursing home residents. We describe 2 domains of social functioning measures, care-planning measures and outcome measures, and provide recommendations for how to integrate said measures into practice. Healthy social functioning is needed to maintain nursing home residents' well-being and quality of life. Measures and recommendations outlined in this article can be used by nursing home staff to understand residents' social preferences and address social functioning during COVID-19 and beyond.

Longitudinal associations between internalizing symptoms, social behavior, and social perceptions in the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a transdiagnostic community sample.

BACKGROUND: Burgeoning evidence suggests that loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic is tied to high levels of depression and anxiety. The current study is unique, though, in examining which facets of social behavior and perceived social quality are most tied to internalizing symptoms using longitudinal data, including a pre-pandemic baseline, collected from a community sample of adults with pre-existing mental health concerns (analyzed n = 144). METHODS: Participants completed measures of depressive and anxious symptoms pre-pandemic, followed by three weekly surveys during the pandemic. We distinguished four social variables: in-person social engagement, remote social engagement, social disruption, and social distress. OLS and mixed-effects regression models examined 1) pre-pandemic baseline symptoms as predictors of social functioning during the pandemic and 2) time-lagged associations between symptoms and social functioning during the pandemic. RESULTS: Social behavior and social perceptions were dissociable. Baseline depressive, but not anxious, symptoms predicted greater social distress during the pandemic. Both anxious and depressive symptoms were predicted by social variables, but the specific associations differed: depressive symptoms were related to perceived social quality, whereas anxious symptoms were more tied to reported social behavior. LIMITATIONS: We relied on self-report indices, and causality should not be inferred directly from these correlational data. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results indicate that it is possible to follow social guidelines and even to spend relatively few hours socializing with close others, while still feeling connected and rewarded; however, people who struggle with depression and anhedonia were particularly vulnerable to distressing feelings of social disconnection amid the pandemic.

Six-Month Outcomes in COVID-19 ICU Patients and Their Family Members: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a major influx of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Currently, there is limited knowledge on the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 ICU-survivors and the impact on family members. This study aimed to gain an insight into the long-term physical, social and psychological functioning of COVID-19 ICU-survivors and their family members at three- and six-months following ICU discharge. METHODS: A single-center, prospective cohort study was conducted among COVID-19 ICU-survivors and their family members. Participants received questionnaires at three and six months after ICU discharge. Physical functioning was evaluated using the MOS Short-Form General Health Survey, Clinical Frailty Scale and spirometry tests. Social functioning was determined using the McMaster Family Assessment Device and return to work. Psychological functioning was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: Sixty COVID-19 ICU-survivors and 78 family members participated in this study. Physical functioning was impaired in ICU-survivors as reflected by a score of 33.3 (IQR 16.7-66.7) and 50 (IQR 16.7-83.3) out of 100 at 3- and 6-month follow-ups, respectively. Ninety percent of ICU-survivors reported persistent symptoms after 6 months. Social functioning was impaired since 90% of COVID-19 ICU-survivors had not reached their pre-ICU work level 6 months after ICU-discharge. Psychological functioning was unaffected in COVID-19 ICU-survivors. Family members experienced worse work status in 35% and 34% of cases, including a decrease in work rate among 18.3% and 7.4% of cases at 3- and 6-months post ICU-discharge, respectively. Psychologically, 63% of family members reported ongoing impaired well-being due to the COVID-19-related mandatory physical distance from their relatives. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 ICU-survivors suffer from a prolonged disease burden, which is prominent in physical and social functioning, work status and persisting symptoms among 90% of patients. Family members reported a reduction in return to work and impaired well-being. Further research is needed to extend the follow-up period and study the effects of standardized rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients and their family members.

Development of a Questionnaire to Assess the Psychosocial Effects of COVID-19 on Peripartum Women.

Objective The social and behavioral changes brought about by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have led to adverse consequences on the psychosocial functioning of peripartum women. Therefore, we developed and validated a tool to assess the psychosocial effect of the pandemic among these women. Methods The questionnaire was developed using a scientifically accepted systematic methodology comprising literature search, focus-group discussion (FGD), expert evaluation, pretesting, and validation. Results The final questionnaire consists of 38 questions, and it has a Cronbach's α value of 0.90 and a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of 0.773. Conclusion The questionnaire has good reliability and face, content, and construct validity. It can be used to assess the psychosocial functioning of peripartum women in low middle-income countries and help perinatal mental health specialists to devise strategies to cope with the psychological impact of COVID-19-like pandemics on peripartum women.

The paradoxical effect of COVID-19 outbreak on loneliness.

As in previous periods of quarantine, lockdown confinement measures dictated to control SARS-CoV-2 would be expected to negatively affect mental health. We investigated the immediate effects (over a 10 day period) of a strict nationwide stay-at-home order imposed in Spain, one of the countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing our analysis on the feelings of loneliness, we obtained our measures within a social context characterised by strong and continuous public and governmental support for increasing social bonds and cooperation in order to face the common public threat. Leveraging data from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative, a prospective population-based study cohort, the short UCLA Loneliness Scale was administered to 1604 participants 2 years and 1 year before the stay-at-home lockdown and repeated, on average, 10 days after the official confinement order issued by the Spanish government. Ratings of loneliness remained stable during the 2 years before lockdown; however, they decreased significantly during the early stages of home confinement. This effect was particularly significant for the item 'feeling excluded from others' and was also observed among individuals who were confined alone. Overall, the results suggest that gestures and manifestations of appreciation by people for the labour and efforts of certain individuals, along with official campaigns designed to promote feelings of inclusion and belonging, may have beneficial effects on feelings of loneliness, a negative emotional state strongly regarded as a risk factor for impaired mental and general health status. Further assessments during the later stages of home confinement are now warranted.